It could almost be a mantra for much of the political discourse of the 20th century. ... state capitalism toward more market-oriented structures and policies—was not Deng Xiaoping’s China or Margaret Thatcher’s Britain in the late 1970s, Ronald Reagan’s United States in 1981, or any other country in Latin America or elsewhere. 1982: British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, American president Ronald Reagan (left) and US Secretary of State Alexander Haig (centre) outside Number 10, Downing Street during Reagan's state visit to London. During her time in office, Thatcher also viewed Nelson Mandela's ANC as a terrorist organisation, but not the state that was engaging in a brutal system of institutional terrorism. It created the underlying economic policies and structures in the 1970s and 1980s that the Concertación maintained and that produced jobs for the poor and an economic surplus to enable targeted state antipoverty programs. Speaking at … It’s time to acknowledge that the legacies of the Pinochet years are a much better mix than they are usually said to be. Pinochet’s relationship with Thatcher remains a sore point for the Conservative Party. Pinochet, by contrast, had friends in high places. The economy minister, Paulo Guedes, trained in free market fundamentals at the Chicago School of Economics – the seedbed for Reagan and Thatcher’s economic policies – and worked at the University of Chile during Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship in the 1980s. 3rd June 1975: British conservative politician, Margaret Thatcher, with William Whitelaw and Peter Kirk, at a referendum conference on Europe. The Concertación, the alliance of political parties of the center and left that has won the past four presidential elections, deserves some credit for the post-1990 years, but so does the Pinochet government. The most concerning thing Thatcher and Reagan did related to de-regulation in the financial services sector. Thatcher had the economics part of the equation worked out; it’s too bad she had an immense Warboner, sang the praises of dictators like Pinochet, called Nelson Mandela a … He brought the country to the verge of chaos on the basis of a slim democratic mandate, and as we now know had links to the Cubans. Born in 1925 in Grantham, England, her memories of wartime bombing left her with a lifelong mistrust of German power that would re … Thatcher not only publicly supported Pinochet, writing letters to the editor and issuing public statements; she even went to visit him after he was served with a warrant from Spain. Thatcher was a steadfast defender of Augusto Pinochet, ... alongside Ronald Reagan, to back sanctions against the Apartheid regime in … Pinochet’s 1973 coup was supported by Allende’s presidential predecessor and by an overwhelming majority of the Chilean people. Less than three weeks later, the military, led by newly appointed army commander in chief Pinochet, overthrew the government. She and Reagan not only shared a … MILTON FRIEDMAN, who would have turned 100 on July 31st had he lived, remains as relevant now as he was during his long life. (October 2006), Chile’s current foreign minister, Alejandro Foxley, recognized early in the first post-Pinochet democratic government that “the constitutional rules left by Pinochet had ‘somewhat ironically fostered a more democratic system,’ for they forced major actors into compromise rather than confrontation and, by ‘avoiding populism,’ increased ‘economic governability.’”. Amnesty International strongly supported the Chilean leader’s extradition to Spain in 1998 for a trial it thought would enact justice. Major state expenditures for direct action social programs targeted to the poorest of the poor were initiated in the middle 1980s, not after 1990. reported the results of the March 1973 legislative elections with this headline: “The People, 43%. Pinochet directed the coup of September 11, 1973, and presided until 1990 over a military regime that violated human rights, shut down political parties, canceled elections, constrained the press and trade unions, and engaged in other undemocratic actions during its more than 16 years of rule. But without any doubt, it was also intended to instill fear and terror among the commanders. But global perceptions of the Chilean economic model changed, slowly at first, more rapidly and massively after the mid-1980s. The first 6 years of my political life was devoted to opposing nearly everything Thatcher did (including the Falklands War, about which I have changed my mind; the exception: sale of council houses), and that only ended because I moved somewhere that I could oppose what Reagan was doing instead. Together with Ronald Reagan, she can be credited with a hand in the fall of the Soviet Union. In 1970, Allende won 36.2 percent of the popular vote, less than the 38.6 percent he had taken in 1964 and only 1.3 percent more than the runner-up. We have inherited an economy that is an asset.” All four civilian governments since 1990 have maintained the new, more market-oriented economic and social models inherited from the military regime. It is often said and widely believed that Pinochet’s economic reforms eliminated any significant role of the state in the economy. ONLINE ONLY: Thatcher, Reagan and the Dictators. Such characterizations are half-truths at best. According to the constitution, the legislature could have given the presidency to either of the top two candidates. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/638756/margaret-thatcher-facts 40 Years Ago, This Chilean Exile Warned Us About the Shock Doctrine. Uncontrolled leftist violence had also been escalating during the government of Christian Democrat Frei Montalva, before Allende became president and long before Pinochet played any role whatsoever in Chilean politics. The claim is that he introduced a neoliberal model, that is, raw, savage capitalism of the kind attributed to Chile in the nineteenth century. But the problem with attacking Corbyn, Thatcher or anyone else along these lines is that we lose any real context for their actions. Margaret Thatcher celebrates on election night in 1987. The Mummies, 55%.” This attitude and the actions that followed from it galvanized the center-left and right, whose candidates had received almost two-thirds of the votes in the 1970 election, against Allende. Margaret Thatcher waves to the press at her home, after leaving Cromwell Hospital on November 1, 2010, {{#verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}} {{^verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}}, Thatcher wasn't just a terrorist sympathiser, but a friend with one, viewed Nelson Mandela's ANC as a terrorist organisation, protesting in the streets over South African apartheid. In the words of a soldier in Chile's Talca Regiment at the time of the abuses: "It seems to me that one of the reasons for the [Caravan of Death] mission was to set a drastic precedent in order to terrorise the presumed willingness of the Chilean people to fight back. Through astute analysis of a massive quantity of declassified US documents, Reagan and Pinochet has filled a major historical void. The historian James Whelan caught its tragic essence when he wrote that Chile’s was a “cannibalistic democracy, consuming itself.” Eduardo Frei Montalva, Chile’s president from 1964 to 1970, who helped to bring in Salvador Allende as his successor, later called the latter’s presidency “this carnival of madness.” Freedoms increasingly overwhelmed responsibilities. Then He Was Assassinated. The facts are otherwise. Thatcher and Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. The 1973 coup is often represented as having destroyed Chilean democracy. But its main elements have not changed, and thus far no post-1990 government has proposed or seriously considered going back to either of the two previous, failed models, namely, state capitalism (1938–70) or state socialism (1970–73). As long as we use “terrorist” as a political football, we're missing the point. Despite her assertion that “The United States and Britain have together been the greatest alliance in defence of liberty and justice,” Thatcher refused to back down in her support of a man who overthrew a democratically elected government. A number of other important truths about the Pinochet period and its legacy are equally well documented but less well known. Baroness Thatcher, who served Pinochet tea at her London home two weeks ago, wrote to the Times newspaper that he "did so much to save British lives" … They continued to fall after 1990 to 15 percent in 2005. The first country in the world to make that momentous break with the past—away from socialism and extreme state capitalism toward more market-oriented structures and policies—was not Deng Xiaoping’s China or Margaret Thatcher’s Britain in the late 1970s, Ronald Reagan’s United States in 1981, or any other country in Latin America or elsewhere. It chose Allende only after he pledged explicitly to abide by the constitution. - President Ronald Reagan greets Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in Bonn, Germany 1985. Margaret Thatcher with Chilean dictator, General Augusto Pinochet. He also pointed out that “other statistics of Pinochet's record are worth mentioning. Thatcher death cake Her legacy has a rhetorical aspect as well, one other reason I hesitate to commute the vitriol. The coup was supported by Allende’s presidential predecessor, Eduardo Frei Montalva; by Patricio Aylwin, the first democratically elected president after democracy was restored in 1990; and by an overwhelming majority of the Chilean people. (A notable partial exception to this rule was the Washington Post editorial of December 12 that bore the headline “A dictator’s double standard: Augusto Pinochet tortured and murdered. The other Margaret Thatcher is that who fought Socialism and was part, as Paul Johnson describes it, “the heroic trinity that tamed the bear”, next to Ronald Reagan … Domestic banks were deregulated in the late 1970s but reregulated with vigor in the early 1980s. Ayaan Hirsi Ali presents startling statistics, criminal cases and personal testimony. Lawlessness became rampant. Proponents of Thatcherism … The case could also be made by those in the UK affected by Thatcher's Pinochet-tested economic dictates who choose not to mourn. Her leadership permanently moved Britain to the right and reshaped the nation's political environment to stress economic growth and … That created a greater potential for boom and bust - the 2007 financial crash was an indication of what light touch regulation can lead to. Less than three weeks later, the military, led by newly appointed army commander in chief Pinochet, overthrew the government. Consider also the two types of regimes’ different propensities to enable a transition to democracy. Allende’s closest UP allies were the Communists, the right wing of the UP, but both were pressed to move faster than they wanted by the left wing of the UP, mainly members of Allende’s Socialist Party, and by ultraleftists (the term used by the Communists) to the left of the UP. Thatcher and Ronald Reagan worked hand in hand to carry out a neoliberal agenda and quell liberation movements worldwide. In a comment piece for The Telegraph, he wrote that “the legal case against him was weak and the motivation of those involved suspect” and “the loss of life, most of which occurred in the first months when a civil war raged, was less than in other similar situations”. Become engaged in a community that shares an interest in the mission of the Hoover Institution to advance policy ideas that promote economic opportunity and prosperity, while securing and safeguarding peace for America and all mankind. That created a greater potential for boom and bust - the 2007 financial crash was an indication of what light touch regulation can lead to. It's not surprising to see the right-wing Government and press try to assassinate Jeremy Corbyn's character. “Sometimes democracy must be bathed in blood.” – Augusto Pinochet “Not a leaf moves in this country if I'm not moving it.” - Pinochet, October 1981 Remember September 11th, 1973 During the height of the Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States stepped up their efforts in assuring Western hegemony in… Survivor of Pinochet explains why she celebrates death of Thatcher (Reagan, Obama) User Name: Remember Me: Password : Please register to participate in our discussions with 2 million other members - it's free and quick! . The most concerning thing Thatcher and Reagan did related to de-regulation in the financial services sector. 1950: British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, then Miss Margaret Roberts, attending a garden party at Buckingham Palace, as a Conservative MP. Thatcher was a steadfast defender of Augusto Pinochet, ... alongside Ronald Reagan, to back sanctions against the Apartheid regime in … She allowed the U.S. Air Force to bomb Libya from airbases in England. Poverty levels, as high as 50 percent in 1984, were reduced to 34 percent by 1989. Chile’s former president, General Augusto Pinochet, died in December. Pinochet’s authoritarianism in Chile ended after 16 years in a peaceful and constitutional transfer of power, permitted by a constitution passed in 1980; Castro’s totalitarian regime in Cuba has lasted 48 years so far. It has become fashionable in some quarters lately to claim that Chile’s successful record of economic development in recent decades actually began in 1990, during the first civilian government since 1973. That created a greater potential for boom and bust - the 2007 financial crash was an indication of what light touch regulation can lead to. This is a compelling, definitive, and valuable study.' Pinochet's rule was inhumane and brutal, but was it terrorism? Castro killed at least as many Cubans as Pinochet did Chileans. "Wars begin when aggressive powers believe that their targets are weaker, or give the false impression that they ar…, editorial of December 12 that bore the headline “A dictator’s double standard: Augusto Pinochet tortured and murdered. Available from the Hoover Press is Law and Economics in Developing Countries, by Edgardo Buscaglia and William Ratliff. We can’t recall human rights organizations agitating for his extradition, or for his being brought to justice even posthumously in Cuba. But Reagan, Thatcher, Delors and their many admirers amongst Clintonian, "New Labour" and EU Social-Democrat decision makers in Brussels sought to dismantle the generous state subsidies for social infrastructure and public transportation across the United States, Britain and the European Union". Some conservatives would be wise to look closer to home before casting the first stone. Today almost the entire globe relies on the state less and on markets more than in 1973. Totalitarian regimes legitimize and practice very high degrees of penetration into all aspects of the economy, society, religion, culture, and family, whereas authoritarian regimes do not. The charges against Corbyn, regardless of their merit, cannot exist in a political vacuum of good versus evil though. The coup was supported by Allende’s presidential predecessor, Eduardo Frei Montalva; by Patricio Aylwin, the first democratically elected president after democracy was restored in 1990; and by an overwhelming majority of the Chilean people. His legacy is Latin America’s most successful country.”) We will focus on the generally neglected, discounted, distorted, and sometimes falsely denied or suppressed aspects of the Pinochet legacy that have truly made Chile, despite its continuing challenges, “Latin America’s most successful country.”. Some of his legacies are well known, but others are not. On August 22, 1973, the Chamber of Deputies, whose members had been elected just five months earlier, voted 81–47 that Allende’s regime had systematically “destroyed essential elements of institutionality and of the state of law.” (The Supreme Court had earlier condemned the Allende government’s repeated violations of court orders and judicial procedures.) British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher flanked by her husband Denis, addresses the press, 28 November 1990 for the last time in front of 10 Downing Street in London prior to hand her resignation as prime minister to Queen Elizabeth II. Along with the murder of thousands of Chileans, Pinochet, like Thatcher, dismantled popular political institutions and oversaw the first country in the world to adopt what would become known as the neoliberal model. Margaret Hilda Thatcher (née Roberts), Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, LG, OM, PC (born October 13, 1925. died April 8, 2013), was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, and the first woman to hold the position. advancing ideas defining a free “A few months later,” Whelan reports, “Allende told fellow leftist Regis Debray that he never actually intended to abide by those commitments but signed just to finally become president.” In legislative and other elections over the next three years, Allende and his Popular Unity (UP) coalition, dominated by the Communist and Socialist parties, never won a majority, much less a mandate, in any election. society. He brought the country to the verge of chaos on the basis of a slim democratic mandate, and as we now know had links to the Cubans. So if Corbyn really is a “terrorist sympathiser” then he's not alone. Poverty had increased enormously during and in the wake of the UP’s disastrous economic policies, and it decreased only as a result of the state-led stabilization policies, structural reforms, and targeted social programs of the Pinochet period. Major state expenditures for direct action social programs targeted to the poorest of the poor were initiated in the middle 1980s, not after 1990. This new model, which we call social capitalism, was adjusted, revised, and supplemented during the Pinochet years, most importantly in response to an economic crisis in the early 1980s and also in the post-1990 civilian years. To order, call 800.935.2882 or visit www.hooverpress.org. Thus by July 1973, if not earlier, Chile was looking at an incipient civil war. https://www.grunge.com/174242/the-messed-up-truth-about-margaret-thatcher The most concerning thing Thatcher and Reagan did related to de-regulation in the financial services sector. Thatcher's support for Chile's former torturer-in-chief General Pinochet is no secret; it was something she was proud of. The Chilean military regime from 1973 to 1990 was authoritarian, certainly, but not totalitarian. ", Read our full mailing list consent terms here. Thatcher was a close ally of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile and other infamous fascist dictators. Support the Mission of the Hoover Institution, Battlegrounds: International Perspectives, John Cochrane: On The Happy Surprise Of China Seeking Trade Negotiations (3:42), Prey: Immigration, Islam, and the Erosion of Women's Rights. In their minds, life comprises two neatly opposed groups: those who support terror and those who oppose it. Thatcher was a strong supporter of the brutal dictator right up until his death while on house arrest in Britain awaiting trial. The economy minister, Paulo Guedes, trained in free market fundamentals at the Chicago School of Economics – the seedbed for Reagan and Thatcher’s economic policies – and worked at the University of Chile during Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship in the 1980s. Cuba is a dismal, impoverished, dynastic totalitarian anachronism. This distinction is fundamental in comparative political analysis. After the Falklands War this included overt patriotism and contempt for communism. During her time as Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher openly called a terrorist a "true friend", invited a terrorist into her home for tea, and personally lobbied against a terrorist's prosecution for war crimes. Chile’s largest industry and biggest foreign-exchange earner by far is copper, which was nationalized in the late 1960s and early 1970s and has remained so ever since. ... state capitalism toward more market-oriented structures and policies—was not Deng Xiaoping’s China or Margaret Thatcher’s Britain in the late 1970s, Ronald Reagan’s United States in 1981, or any other country in Latin America or elsewhere. It also matters because the 48 hours after a powerful public figure dies is when the halo becomes permanently affixed to their head. (Of the many military regimes in Latin America in the sixties, seventies, and eighties, the only one to break with state capitalism was Chile’s.) Margaret Thatcher, accompanied by her husband Denis (1915 - 2003) and children Carol and Mark, on election night when she led the Conservative Party to victory in the British General Election. Inflation [went] down from 600 per cent to 6 per cent [...] living standards more than doubled”. Margaret Thatcher – 1999 Statement on General Pinochet January 9, 2016 admin 1999 , Margaret Thatcher , Speeches Below is the text of the statement made in the House of Lords by Baroness Margaret Thatcher on 6 July 1999. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? By now, the economic policies of most countries of Latin America; North America; Western, Central, and Eastern Europe; China; India; Russia and its former republics; much of Africa; and many other places around the world have followed the Chilean lead rather than fled from it. Chile’s democracy after 1990 has been vigorous and stable. The opinions expressed on this website are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Hoover Institution or Stanford University. Thatcher openly called for his release. Thatcher and Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. Have commentators described and evaluated them with equal accuracy and fairness over the decades? As the then finance minister, Alejandro Foxley, said in a 1991 interview: “We may not like the government that came before us. Cuba and the United States were actively involved on opposite sides, but the main players were always Chilean. They continued to fall after 1990 to 15 percent in 2005. The appearance of GDP growth in the South American country created the mythology of the Chilean miracle, ‘thanks’ to the Chicago Boys, the group of young Chilean economists who studied at the University of Chicago under the adviser to U.S. President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, professor Milton Friedman. President Pinochet and his civilian advisers, after an elaborate and lengthy process of deliberation and decision making in 1973–1975, in which various alternative courses of action were considered, put in place the radically new set of market-oriented structures and policies that have been and remain the foundations of Chile’s subsequent three decades of economic and social development. ONLINE ONLY: Thatcher, Reagan and the Dictators. Whatever his views, Corbyn has never wielded the levers of power in government, and has never done more than put forward ideas. Your gift helps advance ideas that promote a free society. It was liberty's fortune that, in Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, the world found leaders who shared a vital faith in freedom. The appearance of GDP growth in the South American country created the mythology of the Chilean miracle, ‘thanks’ to the Chicago Boys, the group of young Chilean economists who studied at the University of Chicago under the adviser to U.S. President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, professor Milton Friedman. Thatcher not only publicly supported Pinochet, writing letters to the editor and issuing public statements; she even went to visit him after he was served with a … Indeed, they are often not acknowledged at all. His legacy is Latin America’s most successful country.”) We will focus on the generally neglected, discounted, distorted, and sometimes falsely denied or suppressed aspects of the Pinochet legacy that have truly made Chile, despite its continuing challenges, “Latin America’s most successful country.”. But Castro trained thousands of guerrillas from countries all over the world and sent hundreds of thousands of Cuban troops to many countries on at least three continents to launch and wage wars that brought untold death and destruction. Domestic banks were deregulated in the late 1970s but reregulated with vigor in the early 1980s. She feared that supranational institutions were threatening British sovereignty… While Thatcher approved of some of Tony Blair’s economic policies, his Europhilia bothered her. Jeremy Corbyn on the other hand has never wielded the levers of power in government, and has never done more than put forward ideas, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher has said former Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet will get nothing more than a "show trial" if extradited to Spain. Authoritarian regimes have mentalities more than ideologies, low levels of political participation, and limited pluralism and competition of policies and political actors (including the press), with some constraints on regime control and manipulation of the polity, society, economy, family, religion, culture, and the press. Extended sizes from XS-5XL. Thatcher did what she thought she had to do, and so did Corbyn. Pinochet’s government has been justly condemned for engaging in some terrorist activities abroad, from Argentina to the United States. Want an ad-free experience?Subscribe to Independent Premium. Reagan, for one, recognized the importance of Margaret Thatcher's presence as British prime minister, but would caution any discussion partner that Pope John Paul played an equally important role. These facts are important and widely recounted. Chile’s former president, General Augusto Pinochet, died in December. It's not a case of right versus left, or even good versus evil. community of supporters in What once looked like a reactionary economic model is now the standard in much of the world. In a brazen demonstration of its contempt for majority wishes, and for the institutions of what it called “bourgeois democracy,” the pro-Allende newspaper Puro Chile reported the results of the March 1973 legislative elections with this headline: “The People, 43%. High-quality Pinochet men's t-shirts designed and sold by independent artists around the world. So far they've linked him with the IRA, Hamas and Hezbollah. At that time the Chilean economic model was considered anathema almost everywhere—partly because of its association with Chile’s military regime but also because it was viewed (wrongly, as it turned out) as an unthinkable, reactionary model per se, especially for developing countries. Poverty levels, as high as 50 percent in 1984, were reduced to 34 percent by 1989. All four civilian governments since 1990 have maintained the new, more market-oriented economic and social models inherited from the military regime. Margaret Thatcher, who played Jane to Ronald Reagan’s Tarzan in that epic of the 1980s, The King and Queen of Jungle Capitalism, (whose author was more Milton Friedman than Edgar Rice Burroughs,) died last week in 2013. Thatcher and Europe. Pinochet’s death occurred just as Fidel Castro was lying gravely ill in Cuba. What Kind of Democracy Did the Coup Displace? https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/638756/margaret-thatcher-facts Although there were changes at the margins after 1990, the point of sharpest and deepest positive change was unquestionably 1973 and immediately thereafter, not 1970 or 1990. Some forums can only be seen by registered members. Margaret Roberts, later Thatcher, the youngest candidate in the Conservative Party, plans her election campaign. And let's not forget that at a time when Corbyn was protesting in the streets over South African apartheid, a young David Cameron was on a “jolly” in South Africa, at the behest of an organisation dedicated to lifting sanctions in the country. Join the Hoover Institution’s As reported by Hector Schamis in the Journal of Democracy (October 2006), Chile’s current foreign minister, Alejandro Foxley, recognized early in the first post-Pinochet democratic government that “the constitutional rules left by Pinochet had ‘somewhat ironically fostered a more democratic system,’ for they forced major actors into compromise rather than confrontation and, by ‘avoiding populism,’ increased ‘economic governability.’”. Not earlier, Chile ’ s former president, General Augusto Pinochet, died in.... Modern international law human rights organizations agitating for his extradition, or good. Thatcher death cake her legacy has a rhetorical aspect as well, one reason... 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